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    Maria Luisa BALESTRIERI

    Insegnamento di CHEMISTRY

    Corso di laurea magistrale a ciclo unico in MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA

    SSD: BIO/10

    CFU: 7,00

    ORE PER UNITÀ DIDATTICA: 70,00

    Periodo di Erogazione: Primo Semestre

    English

    Teaching language

    English

    Contents

    The course aims to provide the student with the essential theoretical knowledge in chemistry and biochemical propaedeutics and the tools necessary for subsequent studies of the degree course in Medicine and Surgery.

    Textbook and course materials

    - Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, International Edition. Bettelheim FA, Brown WH., Campbell M.K., Farrell S.O.- Chemistry. Structure and Dynamics. Spencer JN, Bodner GM, Richard LH, Wiley

    Course objectives

    Educational Objectives: - Understanding of the fundamental laws that govern matter and its transformations. Capturing the importance of chemical knowledge in the medical curriculum -Acquisition of the importance of chemistry to the understanding of biological phenomena at the atomic and molecular level. - Capturing the importance of chemical analytical applications for the study of normal and pathological states. Knowledge and learning outcomes: -Understanding of the basic concepts about the structure of matter at the atomic and molecular level, as well as the main features and properties of the various states of aggregation.- Acquisition of the mole concept and the ability to perform elementary stoichiometric calculations.-Understanding of the properties of the solutions with particular regard to the methods for expressing concentration, to the characteristics of the aqueous solutions of electrolytes, and to the osmotic pressure.- Understanding of official nomenclature of organic and inorganic chemical compounds. Ability to deduce, for the most common of these compounds, the names of the formulas and vice versa. Knowledge of the various types of chemical reactions (acid-base reactions, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions). Knowledge of and ability to interpret and apply the laws that govern the chemical equilibrium and reaction rates, both in the gas phase and in solution, with special insights on the acid-base reactions. Understanding of the thermodynamic bases that regulate chemical reactions. Knowledge of the structure and main properties of the most important classes of compounds, organic with special insights on compounds of biological interest.

    Prerequisites

    Knowledge of chemistry needed to pass the Admission tests (Cambridge Assessment). Knowledge of the basic elements of mathematics and calculation. The student who accesses the Biochemistry Chemistry and Propaedeutics course must have obtained a basic preparation in General and Organic Chemistry. In order to standardize the basic knowledge, the basic concepts will be introduced before moving on to the more complex ones.

    Teaching methods

    Lectures and integrated practical exercises. The lessons will be divided into three parts. A brief introduction to resume the topics covered in the previous lesson, answers to questions about the topics covered and presentation of new topics.

    Evaluation methods

    Evaluation of student proficiency is based on a written test. The written test consists of exercises and open questions meant to evaluate the student’s ability to apply the laws of general chemistry and the reaction mechanisms of organic chemistry and the basic knowledge of general and organic chemistry theory. The written exam regards the general/organic chemistry and the student has 90 min. to answer. Questions cover the basic aspects of general and organic chemistry as well as the main aspects of mole concept and the ability to perform stoichiometric calculations and calculations on the methods for expressing concentration, characteristics of the aqueous solutions of electrolytes, and osmotic pressure. The written test will also include exercises on official nomenclature of organic and inorganic chemical compounds chemical reactions (acid-base reactions, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions), laws that govern the chemical equilibrium and reaction rates, both in the gas phase and in solution, with special insights on the acid-base reactions; thermodynamic bases that regulate chemical reactions; structure and main properties of the most important classes of organic compounds, with special insights on those of biological interest. In order to pass the exam the student must obtain a score of 18/30. The final grade is expressed in 30/30 were 18/30 represents the minimum and 30/30 the maximum.

    Other information

    The material used for the lectures and exercises that are integrated in the course will be shared electronically (pdf file)

    Course Syllabus

    Atoms and molecules. The mole. Structure of the atom. Orbitals. Periodic system. Chemical bonds. Hybridization of the orbitals. Molecular geometry. Relations between chemical structure and physic properties. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Stoichiometry. Ionic compounds. Chemical reactions. Balancing chemical equations. Oxidation and reduction. Formula weights and molecular weights. Mole and calculation of mass relationships. The three states of matter. Gas pressure. Laws that govern the behavior of gases. Avogadro’s law and the ideal gas law. Dalton’s law of partial pressures. The kinetic molecular theory. Types of attractive forces between molecules. Behavior of liquids at the molecular level. Characteristics of the various types of solids. Phase change. Solutions. Factors that affect solubility. Units for concentration. Properties of water as solvent. Colloids. Colligative properties. Reaction rates and chemical equilibrium. Measurement of the reaction rates. Relationship between activation energy and reaction rate. The chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium constant. The value of the equilibrium constant. Le Chatelier’s principle. Thermochemistry lows. Entropy, Enthalpy, Free Energy. Acids and bases. Naming common acids. Properties of acids and bases. The Acidic and Basic Properties of Pure Water. The strength of acids and bases. Conjugate acid–base pairs. Relationship between chemical structure and the acidity strength. Position of equilibrium in an acid–base reaction. Acid ionization constants. The pH and pOH. Titrations to calculate concentration. Buffers solutions. Saline solutions. Salt hydrolysis. pH calculation of strong/weak acid and bases, buffer solutions, saline solutions. Organic chemistry. Writing structural formulas of organic compounds. Naming organic compounds. The functional groups. Alkanes. Structural formulas of alkanes. Constitutional isomers. Name of alkanes. How do we obtain alkanes? Cycloalkanes. Shapes of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Cis-Trans isomerism in cycloalkanes. The physical properties of alkanes and cycloalkanes. The characteristic reactions of alkanes. Haloalkanes. Alkenes and Alkynes. Structures of alkenes and alkynes. Name alkenes and alkynes. The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes. The characteristic reactions of alkenes. The polymerization reactions of ethylene and substituted ethylenes. Benzene. Structure of benzene. Name of aromatic compounds. The characteristic reactions of benzene and Its derivatives. Phenols. Structures, names, and physical properties of alcohols. Reactions of alcohols. The structures, names, and properties of ethers and thiols. Enantiomerism. Configuration of a stereocenter. Stereoisomers. Optical activity. Chirality. The significance of chirality in the biological systems. Amines. Nomenclature of amines. The physical properties of amines. The basicity of amines. The characteristic reactions of amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones. Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones. Characteristic reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Keto-enol tautomerism. Carboxylic acids. Name carboxylic acids. Physical properties of Carboxylic acids. The characteristic reactions of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic anhydrides, esters, and amides. Preparation of esters. Preparation of amides. Characteristic reactions of anhydrides, esters, and amides. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Characteristic reactions of monosaccharides. Disaccharides and oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides. Lipids. Structures of triglycerides. Properties of triglycerides. Structures of complex lipids: Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids. Amino acids. The primary structure of proteins. The secondary structure of proteins. The tertiary structure of proteins. The quaternary structure of proteins.

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